retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or in situations where that is not possible (eg, in the case of a nontraversable malignant biliary obstruction) patients can undergo percutaneous transhepatic decompression (PTC) with the possibility for future hybrid endoscopic-fluoroscopic interventions.23...
In late-stage disease, patients can present with obstructive jaundice, cholangitis, or cholangiocarcinoma; other causes of obstructive jaundice, such as biliary tract stones, should be investigated. Diagnosis Stool examination for Opisthorchis or Clonorchis ova is the standard for diagnosis. Other specimen...
for patients with choledocholithiasis for many years with good success and low rates of morbidity and mortality. During this era of open operative interventions, the percentage of retained stones was only 1% to 3%, and long-term follow-up revealed that revisional surgery was necessary in only ...