The main building blocks of atomic nuclei are protons and neutrons, and it is convenient to describe the composition of an atom in terms of the number of protons and neutrons present in its nucleus. The number of protons contained in the nucleus of an atom is called the atomic number ( Z...
Atomic number Z represents the number of protons per atom. Mass number Z + N is equal to the number of protons Z plus the number of neutrons N present in the nuclei. Mass numbers of the most abundant isotopes are given in order of decreasing abundance. For example, Cadmium Cd-48 mass ...
P Muggli,S Martins,L Silva - Meeting of the Aps Division of Plasma Physics 被引量: 0发表: 2010年 unstable grb photospheres and blueshifted e^ annihilation lines Internal dissipation below a photosphere can create a radiation-dominated thermal fireball. If e卤 pairs outnumber protons, radiative...
Downstream, the protons are slowly isotropized through pitch-angle scattering by A/IC waves. The helium ions undergo perpendicular heating through absorption of proton waves and become more gyrotropic. The perpendicular heating drives the growth of helium cyclotron waves, which in turn reduce the ...