The AVL MOVE Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) was used to measure from the exhaust gas of HD4 concentrations of NOx (as NO + NO2) using a NDUV analyser. A laboratory grade FTIR spectrometer (Sesam i60, AVL) [28] was used to measure H2O tailpipe emissions from LD1. ...
HONO and NOxare closely coupled in their NOx-HONO internal cycling, referred to as internal cycling in this context (Fig.1). Specifically, heterogeneous reactions of NO2on ambient surfaces and gas-phase reactions between NO and OH have been intensively examined as major HONO formation routes in ...
Given the residence time of flue gas in the combustor is short, it is impossible for every reaction to reach equilibrium. Once the flue gas exits the combustor, it is cooledand the associatedreactions stop. The reaction rates with NO taking part in can be expressed as: ...
The loss process is expressed as first and second order, and NOx concentration serves as a surrogate for the oxidizing species in the second-order reaction. Continuous measurements of SO2 and NOx within the smoke plume indicate that SO2 and NOx conversion rates were approximately 1% h−1 and ...
Date are expressed as mean ± SD, n = 6. *p < 0.05 vs. CON group; #p < 0.05 vs. DM group. DM: the STZ-induced diabetic mice; CAPE: the STZ-induced diabetic mice treated with CAPE (20 μmol/kg/day); Low-pNO2: the STZ-induced diabetic mice treated with ...
FIG. 2 graphically illustrates an example of operation of an engine and resulting measured percentage of NOx present as NO2 and NOx mass flow in an exhaust gas feedstream plotted against time, in accordance with the present disclosure; FIG. 3 graphically illustrates an example of operation of ...
Concern has been expressed over the appropriate hydrocarbon and NOx control strategy to be used in minimizing the effects of ozone and NO2 on urban population centers and their downwind environs. O3 and NO2 formation were studied in smog chamber irradiations as a function of the initial NOx ...
The reaction rates with NO taking part in can be expressed as: Where, Kc is expressed by Arrhenius’ law: Therefore, small activate energies and large collision frequencies favor high reaction rate. Only reactions with high reaction rates are significant to influence NOX formation. With CaO ...
SCR catalysts for use on mobile applications such as automotive, are required to operate at low temperature whilst also being tolerant to hydrocarbons. Low temperature operation usually means that there is very little NO2in the feed gas, which favours the use of copper-based SCR catalysts. Howeve...
Smaller, but significant, changes of the order of 1020% can be seen in NO, NO2, and ozone as a result of changes in the washout parameterization. The heterogeneous conversion of HNO3 on SO4 (used as a proxy for soot) yields only a small improvement in the HNO3/NOx ratio for most ...