Marine heatwaves are independent of the processes that drive NPOs and ENSOs. NPOs are Kelvin waves that deliver abnormally high sea-surface temperatures to coastal areas, while the driver of marine heatwaves has only recently been suggested [116]. These events are responsible for acute, local-sc...
, geochemical elements) to discern which set of variables form coherent subsets that are relatively independent of one another. Those correlated variables are combined into factors which should be representative of the underlying process. Loadings measure the correlations among these variables and relate...
Let the density function of the random variable be 𝑓(𝑥)f(x), and there are 𝑛n independent and identically distributed observations for the random variable 𝑋X. In this study, 𝑛n is 87, representing the number of SOFEs in Northeast China. The observed values are represented by ...
at location 𝑖i, 𝑥𝑖xi is an independent variable, 𝑓(𝑥𝑖)f(xi) is an unknown smooth function of 𝑥𝑖xi, 𝑦𝑖yi is an independent covariate, 𝑏𝑇bT is the coefficient of 𝑦𝑖yi, and 𝑒𝑖ei is the random error of the independent variable with the expected ...
(1) where zi is a dependent variable (i.e., temperature and precipitation) at location i, xi is an independent variable, f (xi) is an unknown smooth function of xi, yi is an independent covariate, bT is the coefficient of yi, and ei is the random error of the independent variable ...