非数值数据（Non-Numerical Data）指的是不能以数值方式表示的数据，它通常是具有分类或描述性质的数据。在计算机科学和编程中，非数值数据是用来表示非数值的信息，如文本、布尔值、日期和时间等。非数值数据可以分为定性数据（Qualitative Data）和定量数据（Quantitative Data）两种类型：定性数据（Qualitative Data）：...
Tenenbaum, G., Gershgoren, L., and Schinke, R., 2011. Non-numerical data as data: a posi- tivistic perspective. Qualitative research in sport, exercise and health, 3 (3), 349-361.Tenenbaum, G., Gershgoren, L., & Schinke, R.J. (2011). Non-numerical data as data: A ...
Using a non-numerical example, explain how firms should decide how many employees to hire.Qualitative:Qualitative analysis or method is the technique where non-numerical data such as opinions, experiences, thoughts, brainstorming, etc., are used to answer specific questions or f...
The vector elements “x” and “5,5” are not numerical. Note: In this tutorial, I have explained how to find non-numeric values in a vector object. However, it would also be possible to search for non-numeric values in a data frame variable using basically the same syntax as in the...
Non-parametric statistical tests for independent groups: numerical datadoi:10.1136/bmj.e3354Researchers investigated recent trends in the use of bariatric surgery in England. In particular, they examined the surgical techniques used and factors influencing postoperative outcomes. A population cohort study ...
A numerical nonmetric approach to data analysis of periodic series with polytone trend is suggested. Estimation is made of thesmallest number of tone (monotone segments) possible for the trend. The seasonal component is estimated without need for first removing the (estimated) polytone trend. A ...
Nonequilibrium statistical mechanics exhibit a variety of complex phenomena far from equilibrium. It inherits challenges of equilibrium, including accurately describing the joint distribution of a large number of configurations, and also poses new challe
Our results also provide evidence of the constructive role of non-stationary surrogate data to uncover changes of correlation patterns in multivariate time series. When a sufficient number of surrogates is applied (e.g. 100 in our examples, but see Fig. S3 in Supplementary Information), our ...
The proposed method is illustrated using numerical examples of cone penetration test (CPT) data, which involve interpolation of a 2D CPT cross-section from limited continuous 1D CPT soundings in the vertical direction. In addition, a comparative study is performed to benchmark the proposed ensem...
Five numerical examples are solved in Section 4 to evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme. Finally, we give our conclusions in Section 5. 2. Governing equations The governing equations for 2D heat conduction problems are described in this section. In a heat conduction problem, a solid ...