非数值数据（Non-Numerical Data）指的是不能以数值方式表示的数据，它通常是具有分类或描述性质的数据。在计算机科学和编程中，非数值数据是用来表示非数值的信息，如文本、布尔值、日期和时间等。非数值数据可以分为定性数据（Qualitative Data）和定量数据（Quantitative Data）两种类型：定性数
Causality can be detectable from categorical data: hot weather causes dehydration, smoking causes cough, etc.. However, in the context of numerical data, most of the times causality is dicult to detect and measure. In fact, considering two time series, although it is possible to measure the ...
The vector elements “x” and “5,5” are not numerical. Note: In this tutorial, I have explained how to find non-numeric values in a vector object. However, it would also be possible to search for non-numeric values in a data frame variable using basically the same syntax as in the...
Nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) is widely used to analyze high-dimensional count data because, in contrast to real-valued alternatives such as factor analysis, it produces an interpretable parts-based representation. However, in applications such
Band topology and strong electron correlations represent two of the most active research themes in quantum materials1, with much attention now focused on the search for physics arising from their coexistence. To date, however, few examples of correlated topological materials are known to exist2,3,...
In fact, over the last few years, several governments around the world have implemented data privacy legislation to protect consumers, limiting their data sending and storage only to what is consented by them, and absolutely necessary for processing. Some examples of this are the European ...
The class C is defined by some constraint on the filters of its constituent FBs; examples of interest are the class of all rational FBs (FBs with rational filters), FIR FBs, orthonormal FBs, etc. A condition that immediately suggests itself is the one stating that the integers be arrange...
Refer to the examples to learn how to use it.ExampleHere's how the library operates using the simplest example:from datetime import datetime, timedelta import numpy as np import pandas as pd from lead_lag import lag ts = pd.Series( data=np.cumsum(np.random.uniform(low=-1, high=1, ...
We construct numerical approximations for Mean Field Games with fractional or nonlocal diffusions. The schemes are based on semi-Lagrangian approximations
In particular, the employed test error corresponds to the mean relative error of the surrogate’s predictions for Timescale 4 over all the examples in the test data set: [Math Processing Error]\unicodex03B5(j)=1N∑i=1N‖Y^i(4,⋅,j)(t)−Yi(4,⋅,j)(t)‖2‖Yi(4,⋅,j)(t...