We expected that in more aroused dogs (characterised by increased activity, barking, yelping and other vocalisations and/or escape attempts) we would find a higher ratio of whines with NLP (higher NLP ratio) and overall a lower tonality (lower HNR, higher jitter and entropy) of the calls....
Changing from this reinforcement contingency to an extinction contingency (i.e., the dog continues touching the target, but reinforcement is now withheld, not delivered) may result in the dog emitting emotional responses (e.g., vocalizations such as barking or whining). We could describe these ...