DSM-IV, unlike ICD-10, provides criteria for diagnosing nicotine withdrawal as a separate nicotine-related disorder. Nicotine withdrawal, as a diagnostic criterion of nicotine dependence, is considered to be manifested either by: (1) the experience of the withdrawal syndrome described below; or (2...
use disorder cyclic adenosine monophosphate clearance maximum concentration catechol-O-methyl-transferase Cyclooxygenase cytochrome P450 Dopamine dopamine} Diacylglycerol diacylglycerol lipase dopamine receptor 1 dopamine transporter delta OPRs D-Pen2, D-Pen5 enkephalin, DOR agonist excitatory amino acids ...