METHOD: the study was performed in the psychiatric unit of a general hospital, interviewing 270 patients with mental disorders using a questionnaire and the application of the Fagerstrom test. A descriptive statistical analysis of the data and thematic analysis of the content were performed. RESULTS...
Interpretation of urine results used to assess chemical exposure with emphasis on creatinine adjustments: a review. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J. 1993;54(10):615-627. doi:10.1080/15298669391355134PubMedGoogle ScholarCrossref 19. Caudill SP, Schleicher RL, Pirkle JL. Multi-rule quality ...
Results indicate that trajectories of nicotine and cannabis vaping were similar; nonusers, infrequent users, moderate users, young adult–onset frequent users, and adolescent-onset escalating frequent users characterized vaping trajectories. Our co-occurring trajectory assessment allowed for the identification...
Main Outcomes and Measures: Past-month nicotine dependence based on criteria from the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale or the Fagerstrm Test of Nicotine Dependence. Results: Among 152 354 adults with past-month cigarette use (54.1% male; 40.2% aged 18-34 years;...
36]. One study applied the long-term biomarker of acrylonitrile exposure CEVal together with AB and anatabine (AT) [37]. However, none of the studies applied objective measures to verify the EC use status by appropriate biomarkers of compliance. Trials with an intervention to a test product ...
Nicotine only stays in the human body for a few hours; it has a half-life of about an hour or two, meaning that six hours after smoking a cigarette, only about 0.031 milligram of the 1 milligram of nicotine you inhaled remains [source: Hukkanen, Benowitz]. Nicotine can also be ...
The financial stakes are high. The global market for nicotine pouches, just one of many “smoke-free” products, was $3 billion in 2021. BAT views Kenya as one of its key “test markets” in low and middle income countries, according to its own financial presentations, and pla...
Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice...
it is not known how our results would be generalizable to uniquely configured rooms (non-rectangular or excessively rectangular) or other enclosed spaces (e.g., vehicles, etc.). Although multiple ventilation conditions were used, it is not practical to perform these studies for every ENDS product...
See FIGS. 1-3. After each application the test subjects had again to reach frequency at rest prior to a new application. A minimum of 15 minutes of rest was, however, required. Each test was performed in single dose. Results Frequency at rest was expressed as the geometric mean value of...