recent studies of the relationship between dopaminergic terminals and cortical and thalamic inputs show that all cellular structures in the striatum are within approximately 1 μm of a TH-positive synapse, suggesting a non-selective dopaminergic axon lattice in the striatum (Moss and Bolam, 2008)....
G. The ageing cortical synapse: hallmarks and implications for cognitive decline. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 13, 240–250 (2012). Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar Walker, C. K. & Herskowitz, J. H. Dendritic spines: mediators of cognitive resilience in aging and Alzheimer’s ...
Dopaminergic neuronsin theventral tegmental areaof the mesencephalon projecting to thenucleus accumbens, medial prefrontal cortex, andamygdalaform the mesocorticolimbic dopamine system. Functional changes in this system seem to underlie the actions of all drugs of abuse[64].Dopaminergicneurons synapse on ...
synapse counts (g), percentage change in synapse number calculated within each neuron (h), normalized synapse intensity (i) and percentage change in synapse intensity (j) under the LD (blue), LL (pink) or FR (green) conditions. For columns 2–4, a line is shown for each neuron, collec...
4e). In addition, GSEA using cellular component gene sets suggested that these genes encode proteins that localize along or close to the cell or synaptic membrane, such as presynapse, postsynapse, and vesicle membrane (Additional file 1: Fig. S11). Collectively, these observations suggested that...
The diagram depicts several constituents of the gap-junction channel. A particular kind of connexin forms homomeric connexons. Heteromeric connexons are made up of greater than a single connexin kind. Whenever connexons of a similar structure create a gap-junction channel, it is referred to be ...
Astrocytes are an important source of glutamate for neurons as part of the tripartite synapse [20] and changes to genes involved in glutamate reuptake and cycling may imply a protective response from excitotoxicity. Endothe- lial cells showed alterations in the AGE-RAGE signalling pathway, which ...
Rods and cones send signals to bipolar cells, which in turn synapse onto retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) that send their axons into the optic nerve. In addition to this feedforward, “vertical” pathway, two classes of retinal interneurons form lateral connections with nearby bipolar and ganglion...
There are many neurons in thecerebral cortexandbrain stemthat initiate and modify movement through their connections with thelower motor neuronsin the anterior spinal gray. These projections also synapse on the internuncial pool ofinterneurons, which in turn make contact with the alpha andgamma motor...
We propose a Double EXponential Adaptive Threshold (DEXAT) neuron model that improves the performance of neuromorphic Recurrent Spiking Neural Networks (RSNNs) by providing faster convergence, higher accuracy and a flexible long short-term memory. We pre