Conklin CA, Perkins KA (2005) Subjective and reinforcing effects of smoking during negative mood induction. J Abnorm Psychol 114:153–164 Article PubMed Google Scholar Corbit LH, Nie H, Janak PH (2012) Habitual alcohol seeking: time course and the contribution of subregions of the dorsal str...
The World Health Organisation Study Group on Tobacco Product Regulation (TobReg) has issued in 2005 an "Advisory Note" entitled: "Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking: Health Effects, Research Needs and Recommended Actions by Regulators". "Waterpipe" smoking is now considered a global public health threat an...
Positive reinforcement theories, by contrast, argue that the excessively rewarding effects of drugs drive persistent drug use independently of the withdrawal syndrome [12,13,14,15]. The challenge for positive reinforcement theories is to explain why drug use persists when addicts claim the drug has ...
In economics, externality refers to the positive or negative effects inflicted on a party that did not choose to participate in the activities that generated those effects. Positive or negative externalities could lead to socially non-optimal outcomes. ...
The harmful effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on the offspring are well established, and include increased risk of pre-term birth1 and low birth weight2. However, less is known about the impact on offspring mental health outcomes. Several studies have explored internalizing and ...
Explain why each activity you identified generates the type of externality you stated. Can you give examples of the positive and negative effects of the government intervention? Identify three negative externalities associated with the hydraulic fracturing (frack...
Gamrowska A, Steuden S. Coping with the events of daily life and quality of life of the socially active elderly.Health Psychol Rep. 2014;2(2):23–31. doi:10.5114/hpr.2014.43919 (Open in a new window)Google Scholar Ertz M, Tandon U, Yao Quenum GG, Salem M, Sun S. Consumers’ co...
Campbell, M. C., & Kirmani, A. (2000). Consumers’ use of persuasion knowledge: The effects of accessibility and cognitive capacity on perceptions of an influence agent.Journal of Consumer Research,27(1), 69–83. https://doi.org/10.1086/314309 ...
Fig. 1: Regression-estimated effects of offering financial incentives for first-dose uptake on further COVID-19 vaccination, other health behaviours, morals and civic responsibility, perceived safety, efficacy and trust, and other concerns.
Externalities: Externalities are uncompensated external effects imposed on a party generated by the actions of another party. These external effects can either be positive or negative. If the effect is positive, it's con...