Positive reinforcement theories, by contrast, argue that the excessively rewarding effects of drugs drive persistent drug use independently of the withdrawal syndrome [12,13,14,15]. The challenge for positive reinforcement theories is to explain why drug use persists when addicts claim the drug has ...
To investigate the effects of the intervention on participants’ emotional stress reactivity, participants were confronted with the TSST (Kirschbaum et al., 1993), a standardized psychosocial stressor commonly used in laboratory settings. During the TSST, participants have to perform tasks while standing...
Much of the research has been done to analyze the intended effects of advertising and commercial messages on consumer choice. Ideally, advertising is intended to promote awareness of the products, enhancing their appeal and encouraging purchasing the good. Every commercial is produced with not only i...