Mutualism costs develop due to the provision of resources and services to partners(s). Prices include investments in structures and substances to reward mutualists (for example, nectar) and the energy and time spent on acquiring the benefits. Examples of mutualism stating the types of species/...
mutualism where one species provides prolonged support to another in exchange for a predictable resource or service5, it is hypothesized that the domestication of animals can occur via one of three pathways4,16,17: (i) a ‘commensal’ pathway, (ii) a ‘prey’ pathway, and (iii) a ‘direc...
To avoid the miscalculation of digestive efficiencies caused by conventional gram-to-gram comparisons, we use ingested seeds as a mass marker for nutrients in both pulp and feces. We test the hypothesis that the short intestines and rapid digestion of frugivorous bats limit digestive efficiency for...