Examples include pollinators and the flowers they pollinate, where the pollinator gets food (nectar) and the plant gets assistance with reproduction. On the other hand, protocooperation describes a relationship where two species interact in a way that is beneficial to both, but not essential for ...
This article aims to argue that mutualism can be viewed as inherently stage﹕tructured while drawing research attention to the little﹕tudied issue. First, to conceptualize stage﹕tructured mutualism, I present possible community modules, such as inter﹕tage partner sharing, ontogenetic antagonism–...