Mutations are changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA and fall into three classes: (1) substitutions, which involve the replacement of a base pair by a different one, (2) deletions, which involve the loss of
Their phenotypes fall into three classes: small mutants (sm) which interfere with cell surface and basal body proliferation to produce short cells; defective fission zone mutants (dfz) which do not form a complete fission zone during cell division; and defective constriction mutants (dc) which ...
Cancer driver genes can undergo positive selection for various types of genetic alterations, including gain-of-function or loss-of-function mutations and copy number alterations (CNA). We investigated the landscape of different types of alterations affec
1a). In human cells, for example, the maternal copy of a gene can be amplified to a different level than the paternal copy, leading to a large disparity in the number of sequencing reads generated from each allele. This allelic imbalance is common in MDA-amplified DNA libraries and ...
These fall into 15 different classes. There are 164 (31%) compilation errors due to bad use of variable names (scoping errors will be dis- cussed in Sect. 7.2). The other 64 (12%) compilation errors are different types of syntax error. Syntax error include removing the if from an ...
According to the predicted functional effects, the variants were classified into four classes: protein-truncating variants (PTV, including frameshift, nonsense, and canonical splice-site mutations), deleterious missense variants (Dmis), tolerant missense variants (Tmis) and synonymous variants. Likely ...
Two classes of genes were defined: genes of which the synonymous mutations are significantly mutated, and genes of which the synonymous mutations are not significantly observed. The p-values for each gene are S0, S1, S2, . . . , SN to avoid confusion with the probabilityp. Let the prior...
mutations, 48 (>90 %) fall into one of our three functionally defined classes (Fig. 3b) with 23 mutants (>45 %) belonging to class 1, 3 mutants (∼5 %) belonging to class 2, and 20 mutants (∼40 %) belonging to class 3, thereby illustrating the utility and generalizability of...
Mutation(s) in proteins are a natural byproduct of evolution but can also cause serious diseases. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) are indispensable components of all cellular protein translational machineries, and in humans they drive translation in b
Multiple strains of such transgenic mice have been made which can produce different classes of antibodies. B cells from transgenic mice which are producing a desirable antibody can be fused to make hybridoma cell lines for continuous production of the desired antibody. See for example, Nina D. ...