Mutations are permanent, transmissible changes to thegenetic material(usuallyDNAorRNA) of acell. Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material duringcell divisionand by exposure toradiation, chemicals, orviruses, or can occur deliberately under cellular control during the processes ...
Mutation Rates Reveal Traits That Speed Evolution April 06, 2023 In the children’s game telephone, a whispered phrase like “I ate a pear” can quickly become “I hate bears” as it moves down a line of players. As genes are passed down from parents to offspring, they too can gradually...
a number of recent studies have shown that mutation rates estimated from pedigree material are much faster than evolutionary rates measured over longer time periods. To resolve this apparent contradiction, we have examined the hypervariable region (HVR I) of the mitochondrial genome using families of...
Marilyn J.Roossinck, inOrigin and Evolution of Viruses (Second Edition), 2008 MUTATION RATES AND FREQUENCIES Mutation rateprimarily refers to the fidelity of the polymerase, or the rate at which mutations are introduced during replication, although mutations also may be introduced by abiotic mutagens...
Similar to that of IFN-γ, most of the gene expression in the cRBD1 group was induced (Supplementary Fig. 14e, f). This finding suggested that cRBD1 immunization may induce stronger humoral and cellular immunity. In our previous experiments, we confirmed that cRBD1 induces faster and ...
single-stranded viruses mutate faster than double-strand virus, and genome size appears to correlate negatively with mutation rate. Viral mutation rates are modulated at different levels, including polymerase fidelity, sequence context, template secondary structure, cellular microenvironment, replication mechan...
KRAS G13D exhibited the fastest intrinsic exchange, with a rate ~13-fold higher than WT, whereas KRAS Q61L was the next fastest (~4-fold faster than WT). The remaining mutants (G12V, G12D, G12C, and Q61H) exhibited intrinsic nucleotide-exchange rates similar to that of WT (Fig. ...
During the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a variety of mutations have accumulated in the viral genome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and, at the time of writing, four variants of concern are conside
HIV-1 thus mutates about 10,000–100,000 times faster than eukary- otic genomic DNA [6]. Multiple viral and cellular factors influence both the rates and types of mutations produced during viral replication. Reverse transcriptase (RT) is likely a major generator of mutations in vivo, as ...
in significantly higher rates than is possible in non-recombining genomes [4,5] because recombination can segregate multiple deleterious mutations into single linkage groups that can be eliminated [6]. Obligate asexual lineages, in contrast, are expected to accumulate recessive deleterious mutations in ...