Two muscles are distinguished: (1) retractor tentaculi, connecting the maxilla to the suspensorium, and (2) extensor tentaculi, running from the ventro-lateral face of the skull to the posterior half of the palatine. These typical catfish muscles are derived from muscles that are present in ...
Muscle tissue consists of muscle cells and muscle fibres (fibrils) and is derived from mesenchyme. There are three types of muscles: skeletal (striated muscle — free), cardiac muscle (striated muscle — involuntary) and smooth muscles (visceral — involuntary). Skeletal muscle is further divided...
3. The activity of various skeletal musclegroups is controlled by the central nervous system through innervation ofindividual muscle fibers. 4. The precursors for the synthesis ofacetylcholine are pyruvate and choline. Pyruvate is derived f...
which drives brown-fat-like development. Studies in the past few years suggest the existence of yet unidentified factors, secreted from muscle cells, which may influence cancer cell growth and pancreas function. Many proteins produced by skeletal muscle are dependent upon contraction; therefore...
The entire process is associated with the ocular muscles, nerves, or local brain areas that are involved in 3D viewing; therefore, the modification of visual plasticity may lead to the modification of these components of the visual system to a certain extent. Effect of Illumination on Ocular Sta...
These results indicate that muscles associated with branchial arch skeletal structures are derived from paraxial mesoderm, as are all other voluntary muscles in the vertebrate embryo. Thus, theories of vertebrate ontogeny and phylogeny based in part on proposed unique features of branchiomeric muscles ...
M. subscapularis: The origin and insertion of this muscle are the subscapular fossa and the lesser tubercle of the humerus, respectively. • M. deltoideus: The clavicular part (pars clavicularis), acromial part (pars acromialis), and scapular part (pars scapularis) arise from the lateral pa...
Other muscles associated with the head, such as non-somitic neck muscles derived from muscle progenitor cells located in the posterior branchial arches, are also in the focus of this review. Implications on human muscle dystrophies affecting the muscles of face and neck are also discussed. 展开...
(a)). This muscle passes from the sternum and clavicle to the mastoid process of thetemporal bone. Acting together, this pair of muscles flexes the head and neck forward; acting alone, each flexes the neck and rotates the head toward the side of the muscle. Thesuprahyoid musclesare ...
Despite recent advancements, artificial muscles have not yet been able to strike the right balance between exceptional mechanical properties and dexterous actuation abilities that are found in biological systems. Here, we present an artificial magnetic m