.19Mature mRNA includes the coding region, UTR, the poly(A) tails, and the 5′ cap that can be recognized by ribosomes and carried by tRNA to create proteins. As in DNA, genetic information in mRNA is contained in the sequence of nucleotides that are arranged into codons consisting of t...
Other characteristics of the mRNA have also been shown to affect protein production. For instance, codon usage is important consideration during mRNA design, as synonymous codons can contribute to different levels of protein production or affect protein folding and function [45,46,47,48]. In additi...
mRNAs encoding the same polypeptide but using different codons can produce dramatically different amounts of protein [206,243]. Synonymous codon changes may affect protein conformation and stability, change sites of post-translational modification, and alter protein function [223]. It is therefore not ...
RNA codons and protein synthesis. 15. Dissimilar responses of mammalian and bacterial transfer RNA fractions to messenger RNA codons. J. Mol. Biol. 37, 99–118 (1968) Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar Ikemura, T. Correlation between the abundance of Escherichia coli transfer RNAs and the ...
Moreover, the codon optimization is essential for the mRNA stability as the codon-dependent translation elongation rate has been implicated as a major determinant of the mRNA stability [67]. Mechanistically, reduced translational elongation of mRNA with suboptimal codons results in the recruitment of ...
Saccharomyces cerevisiae activates a regulatory network called “general control” that provides the cell with sufficient amounts of protein precursors during amino acid starvation. We investigated how starvation for nitrogen affects the general control regulatory system, because amino acid biosynthesis is ...
method for synthesizing mRNA vaccines [38]. DNA templates for IVT must have an open reading frame (ORF), a 5' UTR and 3' UTR, and for self-amplification, a long ORF. The ORF contains start and stop codons [39], allowing splicing for mature mRNA production. The 5' UTR and 3' UTR...
Translation is a process part of the Central Dogma in biology where the genetic information in the RNA molecule will be translated into a polypeptide or protein. The RNA molecule is grouped into 3 nucleotide sequence which is known as codons. Using the genetic code table, each codon wil...
As mentioned above, replacing the mRNA sequence with rare codons and introducing modified nucleotides are likely to change the mRNA structure, the translational accuracy [60] and the protein-folding mechinery [61]. These changes further influence the type, intensity and specificity of immune responses...
By optimizing the mRNA sequence (changes in codons, matching the frequency of host transfer RNA, (tRNA) or as a determinant for the introduction of secondary structures), the rate of protein synthesis and half-life of mRNA function can be altered. In improving mRNA translation, 1mΨ nucleotide...