By the time of Kublai’s death, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate khanates or empires including the Golden Horde [Kipchak] in the nor
II. Mongol Invasion: The First RoundThe first round of Mongol invasions descended upon Transoxiana and theeasternmost sections of the empire of the Khwarazmshah (1219–21) andturned the entire area of Central Asia into a Mongol province. Ghenghis Khantook vengeance upon this ruler for the ...
(s) 2022 Abstract By the time of Kublai's death, the Mongol Empire had fractured into four separate khanates or empires including the Golden Horde [Kipchak] in the northwest, the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, the Ilkhanate, based in modern-day Iran, and the Yuan Dynasty in the east...
Painters and architects moved from one empire to the other, especially from Iran to India; Ottoman princes wrote Persian poetry, and Safavid rulers spoke Turkish. But most of all, they were aware of the fact that they were much closer to each other than to any non-Islamic cultural entity....