Topological invariants for the 4D gapped system are discussed with application to the quantum vacua of relativistic quantum fields. Expression ilde{\\cal N}_3 ilde{\\cal N}_3 for the 4D systems with mass gap defined in \\cite{Volovik2010} is considered. It is demonstrated that ilde{\\...
For relativistic particles the rest mass m can be neglected, and one has ε≈c|p→|. The distribution (Eq. 6.32) is a q-generalized relativistic Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution in the formalism of superstatistics. The kappa distribution is multiplied with ε2, taking into account the available...
Below this value, the ratios are almost flat and center-of-mass energy independent in the range of collision energies reported. Above this pT value, the ratios diverge significantly at all energies. Fig. 3 Ratios of the normalised pT spectra to the inclusive spectrum for the three multiplicity...
The tranformation of mass and momentum under the special conformal transformations of the space-time conformal group is investigated in general and in three special cases. An antiparticlelike phenomenon is pointed out. Riassunto Si studia in generale e in tre casi speciali la trasformazione della ma...
Relativistic surface oscillations convert the laser pulses to intense XUV harmonic radiation via the well-known relativistic oscillating mirror mechanism. We show that the azimuthal and radial dependence of the harmonic generation process converts the spin angular momentum of the laser beam to orbital ...
Previous studies reported that orbital angular momentum (OAM) is not quenched in some GSS materials and that the atomic spin-orbit interaction (SOI) generates spin splitting in some solid states via the interorbital hopping. Although the unquenched OAM may be closely related to the interorbital ...
frameworkisrelevantalsohere.Moreover,withinrelativisticLangevinsimulationswefindevi- dencefortheimportanceofheavy-lightresonancesintheQuark-GluonPlasma(QGP)toexplain thestrongenergylossandcollectiveflowofheavy-quarkspectraasinferredfromnon-photonic electronobservables.Suchheavy-lightresonancescanpavethewaytoauni...
Momentum, product of the mass of a particle and its velocity. Momentum is a vector quantity; i.e., it has both magnitude and direction. Isaac Newton’s second law of motion states that the time rate of change of momentum is equal to the force acting on t
Momentum space topology (i.e. the theory of topological invariants in momentum space) has been widely discussed recently in the context of relativistic theories (see [[21], [22], [23], [24], [20], [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35]...
Majority of them rely on a violation of spin momentum conservation during scattering events due to relativistic effects, a different one utilizes nonlocal transport of spin momentum. For most of them it has been shown already in the section on theory (Section 2) that they have the capability ...