The problem of complete separation between classes may produce serious difficulties with the successful implementation of logistic regression due to the presence of floor and ceiling effects. To address this problem, the present study proposes two modifications of ordinary log-likelihood. To reveal the ...
Many other elements remain overlooked in the analysis, resulting in unobserved heterogeneity. Therefore, the present study uses a random parameter negative binomial (RPNB) model to minimize the effect of unobserved heterogeneity. It was inferred from the RPNB model that variables like gender, control...
the sensitivity of a second zone of sensors after the first zone of sensors detects an intruder. However, increasing the sensitivity of the second zone of sensors increases the likelihood of detecting the intruder, but still leaves the intrusion detection systems susceptible to false alarms, ...
The log-normal distribution is important since it does not take negative values which it is appropriate for reproducing machine malfunction times. In turn, the exponential distribution is often used for breakdowns because there is a high degree of uncertainty about failures; thus, the only ...
first, and leave those requiring higher effort last, so that the latter are only executed when they are strictly necessary. These observations lead to a strategy where knockout checks are ordered according to two parameters: their likelihood of leading to a negative outcome and the required ...
The use of additional sensors increases the total amount of data. It increases the likelihood that similar data are collected between sensors. Excessive data are redundant and reduce processing efficiency. Therefore, a mathematical model was formulated to estimate the temperature values of locations ...
For the infotaxis method, the expected reduction of the entropy is implemented as the exploration term (that is, gathering more information and obtaining a more reliable estimate of the source distribution) and the maximum likelihood as the exploitation term (that is, going to the estimated most...
Note that we remove the positive part and the square because argmax λ = argmax ( λ + ) 2 indeed λ takes a non negative value. In order to prove it let us remark that: λ ( v ) ≥ E ( v , Φ · t 0 + ϵ ) = v , E ( Φ · t 0 ) + 0 , then there is ...
When demand is low and solar, wind and conventional energy generators are competing for dispatch of their energy, it is even possible that negative electricity prices occur. The effect of RES on energy prices has been reported by many authors, see e.g., [2,3,4,5]. The distributed ...