Another pathway that seems to be particularly important for MaSC expansion during pregnancy is the RANK/NF-κB pathway. It has been known that the pregnancy-associated hormones progesterone, prolactin and PTHrP increase the expression of the RANK ligand (RANKL)55while knockout of RANK, RANKL or i...
(angiogenin ribonuclease, RNase A family 5) pathway in milk protein content, indicating that sequence polymorphisms associated with the genes involved explain some of the observed protein content differences. Their methodology contributes to the fundamental science of lactation, with practical implications ...
In addition, in vitro studies on human mammary epithelial cells have shown that exposure to cigarette smoke affects negatively the biosynthetic pathway of the omega-3 FA (Marangoni et al., 2004). It is expected therefore that PUFA, especially the LC ones, DHA in the first place, may be ...
Milk protein secretion is of interest due to its physiological importance, from the point of view of the study of a high-efficiency secretory pathway and because of increasing interest in the use of transgenic manipulation of mammary gland gene expression to allow modification of milk composition, ...
Intriguingly though, inhibition of the Notch pathway in p53−/− mammary epithelial cells reduced the MaSC ac- tivity [32], suggesting that further research is needed to better understand the role of Notch in MaSC growth and differentiation. Finally, the p53-related protein p63, a ...
Milk protein synthesis is highly regulated by insulin, amino acids, and amino acid transporters via transcriptional and posttranscriptional routes, with the insulin-mTOR pathway playing a central role. The transcriptional regulation of lactose synthesis is still poorly understood, but it is clear that ...
Due to the limited number of miRNA that are recog- nized and can be analyzed using MetaCore, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis was also employed to map all the reliable miRNAs to IPA database to identify associated biological or pathological functions. Statistical analyses. The qRT-PCR quality ...
"Through an ingenious mammary immune system-mammary gland pathway, breast milk brings antibodies that reflect not only past, but also present, maternal exposure to pathogens. "These antibodies coat the infant's upper respiratory and digestive mucosa, perfectly positioned to control responses to environm...
pathway shown inFigure 14-15. The irreversible formation of lactose is catalyzed by the lactose synthesizing system, composed of a 1:1 complex of β4-galactosyl transferase andlactalbumin. This 14kDa protein, which is only expressed in the mammary gland, is absolutely required for theenzymeto ...
The biosynthesis pathway of free HMOs and glycans, bound to proteins, share the same GTs, and therefore they have similar structures. As described for HMOs, the glycan moieties of human milk glycoproteins have been involved in several biological effects protecting infants from disease. Attached ...