Military spending, financial development, and ecological footprint in a developing country: insights from bootstrap causality and Maki cointegration. Environ Sci Pollut Res 29, 83945–83955 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21728-3 Download citation Received07 February 2022 Accepted25 June...
The results reveal that controlling for other determinants both military spending behavior of countries (relative to GDP) and military spending per capita contribute positively towards CO2 emissions. We also examined the possible non-linear association between military spending and CO2 emissions, but this...
which is only around one-quarter of U.S. military expenditure, projected to be $858 billion in 2023. On a per-capita basis, China's defense spending is only one-sixteenth of that of the United States.
This paper makes a contribution to the debate on the economic effects of military spending using a large cross country panel data set for 1988-2006. As well as providing a relatively up to date analysis, sub groups are created that allow the analysis to focus on groups of countries at diffe...
China's planned defense spending in 2023 will be 1.55 trillion yuan ($224.79 billion U.S. dollars), which is only around one-quarter of U.S. military expenditure, projected to be $858 billion in 2023. On a per-capita basis, China's defense spending is only one-sixteenth of that of ...
China's planned defense spending in 2023 will be 1.55 trillion yuan ($224.79 billion U.S. dollars), which is only around one-quarter of U.S. military expenditure, projected to be $858 billion in 2023. On a per-capita basis, China's defense spending is only one-sixteenth of that of ...
Unlike the method generally used in the economic literature, we estimate a cardinal corruption index expressed as a percentage of GDP per capita through the multiple causes multiple indicators model (MIMIC). The cross-country results show a negative impact of military spending and corruption indicator...
While this total amount represents one of the largest military budgets in the EU, it still fell far short of the two percent of GDP target for annual military spending set for it by NATO. Annual defense spending of the Netherlands in absolute terms and as a share of gross domestic ...
China's planned defense spending in 2023 will be 1.55 trillion yuan ($224.79 billion U.S. dollars), which is only around one-quarter of U.S. military expenditure, projected to be $858 billion in 2023. On a per-capita basis, China's defense spending is only one-sixteenth of that of ...
But today we rank close to the bottom of NATO countries in per-capita military spending while, with limited capabilities, our Armed Forces are woefully ill-equipped and ill-prepared for major conflicts. Teetering as we are on the brink of “military make-belief,” the Liberals pride the...