This chapter covers the various methods for measuring the surface finish. The surface finish and texture can be measured in a large number of ways by using various instruments and techniques. Profilometry techniques are divided in two classes: those used on- or in-line and those used in the ...
Graphene energy transfer (GET) can be used to measure the distance between a graphene surface and a fluorescent dye. A new strategy for attaching DNA in a controlled orientation onto graphene now makes it possible to use GET to track the dynamics of DNA and protein–DNA interactions with base...
Surface casing vents divert natural gas migration along oil and gas boreholes to bypass groundwater, with the gas venting to the atmosphere. While this strategy is designed to protect groundwater, it constitutes a source of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere. In instances where gas leakage occurs...
The depth of SSD is calculated by measuring the characteristic dimensions of the dimple. There are also some other forms of dimpling [30]. The ball dimpling method is simple in operation and low in cost. However, the scratches in a dimpling process may remain on the part surface, which ...
Fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy can offer insights into biological processes such as metabolic imaging, protein–protein interactions and live-cell intracellular dynamics. In this Primer, Torrado et al. discuss methods for measuring fluorescence lifetimes, including time-tagging and phase-modulation...
At the indicated times (triangles), the dialysis buffer was changed and the percentage of NaCl removal was determined by measuring the conductivity of the sample. The large device (Flask) has about half the surface-area-to-volume ...
With the extensive application of optical parts in many high-tech fields such as high-power laser, space optics, and aerospace, the requirements for the surface quality of optical parts are also increasing, which requires not only high surface qualities but also low defects including low subsurface...
Often this is evaluated simply by measuring the contact angel of wafer that is proportional to surface energy the surface. Surface having high contact angle and therefore being hydrophobic are believed to be ideal for NIL. However more correct way is to evaluate the force needed to separate ...
Measuring surface roughness As an alternative to monitoring aqueous species in solution, it is possible to quantify the rate of dissolution by measuring the reduction in mass or volume. Mass loss can be measured simply by drying and accurately weighing a sample before or after dissolution but, whe...
New considerations of the anomalous magnetic moment of leptons were also motivated by parallel experiments aimed directly at measuring it. For the electron, various observations in the late 1960s showed a discrepancy of three standard deviations to the value obtained by Wilkinson and Crane in 1963 ...