Bile acids (BAs) are amphipathic steroid acids whose production and diversity depend on both host and microbial metabolism. These metabolites have emerged as biologically active signalling molecules that inform organs of nutrient availability. Their acti
Busquets-García, A., Bolaños, J.P. & Marsicano, G. Metabolic Messengers: endocannabinoids.Nat Metab4, 848–855 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-022-00600-1 Download citation Received17 January 2022 Accepted07 June 2022 Published11 July 2022 ...
Finally, we can include agents that modulate bile acid metabolism. Bile acids have only recently been recognized as powerful pluripotent metabolic messengers, with effects predominantly on glucose and lipid control, through activation of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) and TGR5 (G protein-coupled) receptor...
The complex of tastants such as sweetness, fatty, bitter, and delicious substances initiate the release of second messengers, which then initiate cascade amplification to accelerate the release of peptides or neurotransmitters (electrical signals). Some peptides contribute to taste sensing; for example...
[32]. The human gut is colonized by a large number of microorganisms. Alterations in the type and amount of gut microbiota are known as dysbiosis. Dysbiosis leads to the development and progression of MASLD through gut-liver axis that is regulated by bile acids (BA) receptors [33], such ...
(immunological) messengers like inositol triphosphate. Besides, the downstream metabolisation processes, e.g. epimerisation of myo-inositol, are insulin-dependent, hinting towards the early existence of IR. Alternatively, since myo-inositol can be formed from glucose (Fig.3, 2. Glycolysis), ...
and oligodendrocytes. Neurons are the key players in the brain that serve as information processors and messengers while the star-shaped astrocytes support neuronal functions through facilitating synaptic signaling, supplying energy and nutrition as well as stress resolution. Microglia are the immune cells...
These derivates of NAD+ are important secondary messengers that regulate intracellular calcium levels and storage, which in turn mediates T cell differentiation and activation[109]. CD38 expression is a marker of T cell exhaustion that contributes to adverse epigenetic modifications in CD8+ TILs[110]...
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 15 in mice and its human orthologue FGF19 (together denoted FGF15/19) are gut hormones that control homeostasis of bile acids and glucose during the transition from the fed to the fasted state. Apart from its central role i
Interestingly, a previous study has demonstrated that gut microbiome use bile acids as messengers to modulate the chemokine-dependent accumulation of hepatic NKT cells and liver antitumor immunosurveillance, and thus suppress both primary and metastatic tumors26,62, indicating the importance of bile acid...