Markov models can be used in the formation of universal algorithms for automatic classification of radio signals from the observed realizations. The types of modulation, radio signal parameters or the nature of
The recent development of various methods of modulation such asPCMandPPMwhich exchange bandwidth for signal-to-noise ratio has intensified the interest in a general theory of communication. A basis for such a theory is contained in the important papers ofNyquist1andHartley2on this subject. In the...
The mathematical representation is a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) where m is the number of biochemical species with the concentrations c i , r is the number of reactions with the rates v j , and the quantities n ij denote the stoichiometric coefficients. Depending on ...
using a variety of methodological toolkits. In an effort to summarize and integrate this evidence, the aim of the present review was to provide a comprehensive discussion of what is currently known about the processing and representation of numerical order and what future directions in research on ...
A key problem in mathematical imaging, signal processing and computational statistics is the minimization of non-convex objective functions that may be non-differentiable at the relative boundary of the feasible set. This paper proposes a new family of first- and second-order interior-point methods ...
for a graphical representation of the division into compartments. Fig. 1 Partition of a graph in two compartments \(\alpha \) and \(\beta \). The straight lines connecting the elements are Markovian reactions Full size image For our reduction in compartments we choose a partition \( X \sub...
11 Indeed, the designers of the recent BITG message, a descendant of the previously mentioned Cosmic Call, specifically add both a list of prime numbers and a representation of the largest known prime number, 282589933-1, to their formulated message. This is because, as they say, ‘prime nu...
unique perceptual unit much better than fragments with rapidly changing orientations. The results of their experiments were summarized in a representation, calledassociation fields, which represent a complete set of paths with fixed initial position and orientation, which can be perceived as perceptual ...
We survey various mathematical aspects of the uncertainty principle, including Heisenberg’s inequality and its variants, local uncertainty inequaliti
FIG. 3 illustrates a conceptual representation of a conversation encoding and pre-approved message encodings in a vector space. For clarity of presentation, the encodings are shown in a two-dimensional vector space, but encodings may use larger vector spaces, such as a 128-dimensional vector space...