maternal vs. paternal The adjectivematernalis used to describe things relating to mothers or motherhood. The adjectivepaternalis used to describe things relating to fathers or fatherhood. Both terms can have different shades of meaning. For example,maternalcan mean the same thing asmotherlyandpaternal...
Associations were not mediated by child weight and were robust to adjustment for sociodemographic characteristics, pregnancy complications, and paternal weight. Meaning These findings suggest that higher maternal body mass index during pregnancy may adversely influence offspring brain development. Abstract ...
Parental astigmatism was significantly associated with greater odds of corresponding child astigmatism (maternal RA: OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.68-0.84; paternal RA: OR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.74-0.91; maternal CA: OR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.51-1.93; paternal CA: OR, 1.33; 95% CI, 1.19-1.49). ...
Measures Maternal and paternal age The age of the mothers and fathers was obtained at the time of recruitment into the study. Since gestational age of the child at the time of enrolment differed slightly between parents, we calculated parental age at concep- tion by subtracting the ...
0.394b 0.007 46 0.149 0.324 46 À0.145 0.336 46 0.035 0.819 46 À0.089 0.562 45 0.149 0.323 46 Table 4b Correlation between patients'- severity score,—plasma cholesterol, and gene dose of ABCA1 in maternal, patients, and paternal alleles ABCA1a maternal ABCA1 patient ABCA1 paternal ...
Paternal education Number of years of formal schooling for the father (continuous) 4 or more ANC visits Whether or not the mother received 4 or more antenatal care (ANC) visits (binary) Iron supplementation Whether or not mother took any iron supplements during pregnancy (binary) Born in health...
meaning that they retrieved pups and built nests; about 1% of dams did not retrieve pups and these animals were not used for co-housing. Naive virgins were initially pre-screened for retrieval or pup mauling before co-housing; around 5% of the naive virgins retrieved at least one pup or ...
the metric we used can successfully capture variation in paternal investment when it leads to a decrease in lactation duration. Indeed, all else being equal, in species for which paternal investment is higher, theMIvalue is thus lower, reflecting energy being saved for the mother. We cannot exc...
The following variables were examined as potential upstream confounders: maternal age, educational level, prepregnancy body mass index, birthplace (eg, United States or other country), and pregnancy intent; paternal age; child sex, year of birth, and race/ethnicity; home ownership; and type of ...
Covariates Information was obtained about sex, birth year, socioeconomic status (high vs low),17 a maternal and paternal psychiatric diagnosis by childbirth (present or absent), maternal and paternal age at childbirth, and parity.18 Parental psychiatric history was ascertained from a recorded diagnosi...