PCA was conducted with univariance scaling using the prcomp function. PAM clustering was implemented using the cluster v2.1.3 package (https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=cluster). Data visualization was implemented using the R packages ggplot2 v3.3.6 (https://ggplot2.tidyverse.org/), ggsci ...
two-dimensionalNp × Npgrid withNp = 64) are represented by a vectorx ∈ {0, 1}4096. The binary microstructures are modeled by means of a thresholded zero-mean, unit-variance Gaussian field23,24. If the vectorxg
In addition, analyses of variance showed that the factors of binder content and air void level may have the most significant effects on the ratios of tensile-compressive alpha and gamma coefficients, respectively; while the reference temperature may be the most inflectional factor on the ratio o...
Fourth is the potential over-dispersion of the data under which the conditional mean and variance of the transfer data may not be equal, as assumed by a Poisson model. We deal with this problem in two ways. First, we draw on Cameron and Trivedi (1990), who have proposed two tests for...
The depth is independent of scan speed, albeit the instability of the laser–matter interaction can explain some variance in the geometry of the melt pools. Overall, it is evident that the melting regime determines a variety of unique profiles: heating, melting, and the transition from ...
2. If the second moment [ ( )2] is finite, and then the variance σ2 = [( ( ) − )2] is a constant, independent of time. 3. The covariance [( ( ) − )( ( ) − )] that depends only on the time difference | − |. We calculate the first two conditions as well ...
Traditional approaches such as molecular dynamics, lattice dynamics, and Boltzmann transport equation continue to advance the field but are frequently extended to the limits of their physical or numerical validity. New materials beyond traditional group-IV, III–V, and II–VI semiconductors, phenomena ...
Common methods for calculating fractal dimension include the box counting method [19], correlation dimension method [20], Hurst index method [21], slit island method [22], yard stick method [23], area-perimeter method [24], Sierpiński carpet method [25], semi-variance method [26], and ...
Moreover, the self-healing percentages of the geopolymer material were calculated using Equation (2). H=(V3−V2)V2 ×100H=(V3−V2)V2 ×100 (2) where V3 is the UPV value after the healing period of geopolymer material. 2.5.2. Compressive Strength One of the key mechanical ...
the errors could be considered randomly distributed around a zero mean value (i.e., they are uncorrelated), which suggests a common constant variance. On the basis of this analysis, the regression models obtained were accepted to describe the effect of contents of raw materials (CC, PO, and...