Some of these losses come from the planting of palm oil and rice paddies, requiring felling of the mangroves, and this is predicted to increase [29], but by far the greatest loss comes from conversion to aquacultural ponds. It is estimated that up to 85% of former mangrove areas in ...
As was suggested in the above proposal, the protection of existing mangroves is more effective. However, artificial planting may need to be considered when the mangrove habitat is no longer self-correcting or self-renewing after loss or degradation even if the survival rate of mangrove ...