The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is the main route of immunoregulation, next to (para)sympathetic innervation of organs of the immune system. Immune cells secrete cytokines, which do not only regulate the immune response but also inhibit the actions of other humoral substances at ...
, the scale of newly disabled individuals is contributing to labour shortages 15 . there are currently no validated effective treatments. fig. 1: long covid symptoms and the impacts on numerous organs with differing pathology. the impacts of long covid on numerous organs with a wide variety of...
A group of genes in humans and most other vertebrates that code for cell-surface glycoproteins (called MHC molecules) which function in the immune system and also are principally responsible for determining tissue compatibility in transplants. ...
Organs involved in control of glucose homeostasis (liver, pancreas, adipose tissue and skeletal muscle) exhibit higher FoxO1 than FoxO3 activity, with FoxO1 being activated under low glucose conditions in order to help maintain glucose homeostasis [5,28]. FoxO4 levels are higher in skeletal muscle,...
can eliminate HIV from cells and organs of infected animals”, said Kamel Khalili, PhD, Laura H. Carnell Professor and Chair of the Department of Neuroscience, Director of the Center for Neurovirology, and Director of the Comprehensive NeuroAIDS Center at the Lewis Katz School of Medicine at ...
Immunoglobulin (Ig) secreting ceils occur in all lymphoid tissues, including the bone marrow (BM). There are important differences between the various organs with respect to their number of Ig-secreting cells and the heavy chain isotype distribution of the secreted Igs. Furthermore, both distributi...
possibility that a gene might be expressed in both testis and ovary, but its target is sexually dimorphic, as has been shown for the DHH-modifying enzyme HHAT (Callier et al., 2014), or that any gene that is expressed in both testis and ovary might play important roles in both organs....
The activity of monoamine oxidase, the enzymes that break down monoamines such as DA, 5-HT and NE, is influenced by ROS and in turn can increase ROS production in mitochondria. The brain is more vulnerable to OS than other organs. In depression, OS plays a crucial role.131,132 The ...
An increased population of CD4+CD25highFoxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in the tumor-associated microenvironment plays an important role in cancer immune evasion. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here we observed an increased secretion
Dendritic cells (DC) were first identified in the peripheral lymphoid organs of mice1 and are regarded as the sentinels of the immune system. Often resident in tissues close to sites of pathogen entry, DC take up antigen and migrate to lymphoid organs where they present antigen to T cells2....