In mammals, angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II and bradykinin is activated, thus regulating blood pressure and electrolyte homeostasis. This enzyme was identified in the venom of the endoparasitic wasp P. hypochondriaca5, in Thalassophryne nattereri and Scorpaena plumieri, venomous fishes ...
Prolonged high levels of ALD can exacerbate CHF caused by water-sodium retention, electrolyte disturbances, collagen deposition, and fibrosis in the myocardium and interstitial vessels, thus exacerbating CHF. However, ZWD was revealed to antagonize the RAAS and down-regulate ALD level by reducing Ang...
sodium; water; fluid overload; fluid depletion; dialysis adequacy; malnutrition1. Introduction Malnutrition is a common disorder in dialysis patients [1,2,3]. Protein–energy malnutrition (PEM) or protein–energy-wasting (PEW) process is the most commonly observed manifestation of this disorder [4...
The balance of the electrolytes in our bodies is essential for normal function of our cells and our organs. Common electrolytes include sodium, potassium, chloride, and bicarbonate. The functions and normal range values for these electrolytes are important, and if an electrolyte is at an extreme ...