In particular, by extending the path integral approach31 to the case with magnetism, we find that the magnetic field does play a role in the extended free energy equality Eq. (4), for both closed and open quantum systems. A magnetic flux emerges in the free energy equality as a natural ...
The invention discloses an integral MFL (Magnetic Flux Leakage) and eddy current array sensor for detecting a copper-coated/aluminum-coated steel shaft type structure, and belongs to the field of ENDT (Electromagnetic Non-destructive Testing). The integral MFL and eddy current array sensor ...
Molodenskii, M.M., 1969, “Integral properties of force-free fields”, Sov. Astron., 12, 585–588. [ADS] (Cited on page 23.) ADS Google Scholar Molodensky, M.M., 1974, “Equilibrium and stability of force-free magnetic field”, Solar Phys., 39, 393–404. [DOI], [ADS] (Cite...
theorem, one can show, for any a satisfying ( 3.16 )–( 3.18 ), that the magnetic flux through any fundamental domain \(\omega \) of the lattice \(\mathcal {l}\) is quantized: $$\begin{aligned} \frac{e}{2\pi }\int _{\omega }d a = n, \end{aligned}$$ (3.19) where e ...
Magnetic fields up to 2–3T can be generated with muchlower power consumptionusing electromagnets[16]. The electromagnet is a multiturn andmultilayercoil wound on cores made ofsoft magnetic material,Fig. 2.9. The cores are tightly inserted into an iron yoke that closes themagnetic flux. The max...
(PID + BPNN), and the hybrid controller based on PID and RNN (PID + RNN) are quantitatively compared on the following measurements, namely, the mean absolute error (MAE), the root-mean-square error (RMSE), the integral time absolute error (ITAE), and the integral time square ...
11.1.1.1 Flux gate compass This simple device is used to measure the ambient magnetic field vector and intensity surrounding the sensor. It is hoped that the only magnetic field surrounding the sensor is that of the Earth’s field (so as to measure orientation with regard to magnetic North),...
for which one can establish a chambers-type formula. as mentioned, our first step is a reduction to a matrix-valued tight-binding hexagonal model. this leads to an operator \(q_\lambda \) defined in ( 4.1 ). this operator has been studied before for the case of rational magnetic flux ...
Assume a small cross-section and ignore all leakage flux. The first topic is to show the steps necessary to determine B in this problem, which is the same in the gap and the magnet because of the boundary condition shown in equation 1.52. To do this, two equations will be solved ...
made of an alloy such as a Co—Fe—Ni alloy was formed to stack the write element on the non-magnetic separation layer64. The lower core62has a convex portion at its top surface. This convex portion was made of a Fe—Co alloy with a saturation flux density of approximately 2.4 tesla....