The lines of force surrounding a permanent magnet are called its magnetic flux, denoted by the symbol F. The amount of flux per unit area perpendicular to the magnetic flow is called the magnetic flux density, also known as magnetic induction. It is usually represented with B. In an MKS sy...
A related concept, the relative permeability, denoted by μr, also used in the SI unit system is defined as (9)μr=μμ0. Magnetic susceptibility denoted by χ, is closely related to the relative permeability through (10)χ=μr-1 and to M and H through (11)M=χH. The magnetic sus...
The basic calculation formula for magnetic circuits is the same as Ohm's law; namely, when the total magnetic flux is denoted by Φ, the magnetomotive force by F, and the magnetic resistance by R, the relationship among these three elements is expressed by the following formula: However, in...
The force causes a free energy change, which can be amplified by adding a magnetic field at low temperatures. The magnetic intensity is denoted by the color code. The horizontal axis is the effective temperature Teff implemented in the experiment and kB is the Boltzmann constant. b Free energy...
(D) Levels of TLR4 mRNA were determined by qRT-PCR during the first 24 h of SMF exposure. In all cases the data shown represents three or more independent experiments (denoted as n≥ 3 in subsequent figure legends) and error bars represent standard (SD); in Panels A, C, and D, p ...
The loss process is usually denoted by an imaginary part of the dielectric constant, ε". Higher temperatures randomize molecular motion and lessen the relative effect of the ordered phase lag. This explains the unusual result that the absorption of high-frequency electric fields in water is ...
The physical effect of acoustic-Brownian interaction, which generates a voltage can be denoted by voltage \( V_{in} \) (Fig. 6a). Using Kirchoff’s votlage law, we can write the following equation42, $$ L\frac{d^2q}{dt^2}+R\frac{dq}{dt}+\frac{q}{C_a}=V_{{\rm in}} $...
2, the UNLV novel sensor of the present invention is denoted by reference numeral 100. The sensor 100 includes two transmission lines 110 each having a connector 120 at a first end thereof. A second end of each line 110 supports one end of a loop of conductive material 130 for ...
After a thermal pulse with an amplitude of Tset, as denoted in the image, is applied, MFM images are obtained at 4.2 K. The inset curve in d provides a detailed time scale of the applied thermal pulse. The annihilation of each vortex‒antivortex pair is traced by the box‒circle ...
Due to the force applied to the superconducting coils 4, a moment load acts upon between the upper and lower cooling vessels 5 with a coupling tube 21 (hereafter, front side coupling tubes are denoted by 21a and rear side coupling tubes are denoted by 21b) serving as its fulcrum. In the...