Computed Tomography(CT) scanis a noninvasive test that uses an X-ray beam and a computer to make 2-dimensional images of your spine. It may or may not be performed with a dye (contrast agent) injected into your bloodstream. This test is especially useful for confirming which disc is dama...
Thick ligaments also connect the bones of the lumbar spine to the sacrum (the bone below L5) and pelvis. A special type of structure in the spine called an intervertebral disc is also made of connective tissue. The fibers of the disc are formed by special cells, called collagen cells. ...
Bulging DiscReformated CT imagesOver 500 lumbar spine CT examinations were evaluated and compared with surgical findings. The use of reformatted sagittal images is important in differentiating the bulging from herniated disc. The extension of the disc material above or below the disc space is more ...
Conjoined nerve roots cause one set of dorsal and ventral roots (or both sets) to take a tortuous course, possibly making them more susceptible to traction across a bulging disc or narrow NRC. The second type of root sleeve anomaly is the most dramatic. The dorsal and ventral roots of two...
It is concluded that a bulging disc is a sign of intradiscal damage and should be noted even when there is no nerve entrapment present.Key Words: Spine, interventional discs, —, CT, —, discography, —, disc degenerationO. Tervonen...
Degenerative diseases of the spine (osteochondrosis, spondyloarthrosis, etc.) all have a similar multifactorial aetiology [2], which makes it hard to determine the main cause of their development. It is known that pathological changes to the intervertebral disc (IVD) and facet joint, which ...
placebo or no treatment in 644 patients having spine surgery osurgical procedures included spinal fixation surgery, decompressive laminectomy with fusion, cervical laminoplasty, surgery for adolescent scoliosis, spinal fusion, or surgery for degenerative lumbar instability with stenosis...
d LDH is currently divided into four subtypes, according to MRI, as bulging disc (mildest form), protrusion, extrusion, and sequestration, the severest form of LDH. Proteoglycan-rich nucleus pulposus in center is surrounded by collagen-rich concentric rings of annulus fibrosus. Scale bars: (b...
Fig. 12.3.Sagittal magnetic resonance imaging reveals loss of disc height and bulging (white arrow) as well as thickening and inward buckling of ligamentum flavum (black arrow). Reprinted from McCulloch, J. A., &Transfeldt, E. (1997). Macnab's backache. Williams & Wilkins, with permission...
The neurologic symptoms caused by disc protrusions bulging from different lumbar discs depend on the nerve root that is closest to the site of the disc protrusion, making it the first one compressed. At their point of departure from the dural sac, the nerve roots are firmly fixed to the dur...