Lower Heating Valuemeans the energy released during combustion of the fuel, excluding the latent heatcontent of thewater vapour component of theproducts of combustion, expressed in megajoules percubic metreatstandard temperature and pressure, or megajoules per kilogram. ...
ethanol were found to have about 9% decrease in calorific value as compared to pure diesel, from 44.5 MJ/kg to 40.5 MJ/kg [69]. Another study on butanol-diesel blends also found a decrease in calorific value to 43.5 MJ/kg, 43 MJ/kg and 42.1 MJ/kg forbutanolconcentrations of 5%, 10...
Lower heating value (Kcal m−3) \(\dot{m}\) : Mass flow rate (kg s−1) \({\text{Nu}}\) : Nusselt number \(n\) : System lifetime (year) \(P\) : Pressure (bar) \({\text{PBP}}\) : Payback period (year) \({\text{PL}}\) : Partial load (%) \({\te...
Higher and lower calorific values (heating values) for fuels like coke, oil, wood, hydrogen and others.
Reaction conditions: no external heating, catalyst mass 180 mg, CO/H2 = 1/2, irradiation time 0.5 hr, 300-W Xe lamp. a Monitoring of the catalyst bed temperature of various catalysts under photo-irradiation. b Blank experiment; irradiation in the absence of any catalysts under above condition...
A 5% Chelex 100 solution (Bio-Rad, Hercules, USA) was subsequently added in a volume of 120 µL. The mixture was thoroughly mixed and then incubated at 65 °C for 20 min in a heating block. The mixture was vortexed for 30 s and heated at 95 °C for 10 minutes. After ...
Fingerprint identification of ethanol and water extracts from mulberry leaves was accomplished using SERS spectrometry techniques. Mulberry leaves were accurately classified according to their geographic origins, using a combination of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra and machine learning ...
Subsidized since 1979 as a homegrown fuel cleaner than gasoline, corn ethanol had plenty of opponents, environmentalists among them. Environmentalists question the cleaner energy premise -- adding factors like tractor diesel emissions and fertilizer runoff make it dirtier, they say. ...
500 grams of this solution were slowly added under a nitrogen blanket with good agitation to the emulsion already present in the reaction vessel. This reaction mixture was brought up to 48.degree. C. by means of jacket heating, and polymerization initiated and completed by additions of catalyst...
In this study, we demonstrate the spontaneous phase separation of aqueous solutions of NiPPA upon heating by performing molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with a modified OPLS-AA force field. Analyses of the long-wavelength limit of the concentration-concentration structure factor as obtained at ...