The classical Lorenz curve is often used to depict inequality in a population of incomes, and the associated Gini coefficient is relied upon to make comparisons between different countries and other groups. The sample estimates of these moment-based concepts are sensitive to outliers and so we ...
The Lorenz curve is a useful device to depict the characteristics of income and wealth distributions in terms of the degree of equality of the underlying distribution. In practice, income (or wealth) data by individuals or households categories are collected and used to generate discrete sets of ...
For convenience, this curve is referred to as the positive minimum segment, 𝐵1𝑇𝑅2𝐿𝐴1 B1TR2LA1⌢. At t = 2.69, there is a negative maximum value, and the curve exhibits an inverted saddle shape. This point is marked as TL2R, and the two adjacent minima on the left ...
For convenience, this curve is referred to as the positive minimum segment, 𝐵1𝑇𝑅2𝐿𝐴1 B1TR2LA1⌢. At t = 2.69, there is a negative maximum value, and the curve exhibits an inverted saddle shape. This point is marked as TL2R, and the two adjacent minima on the left ...
The various sub-figures of Figure 11, Figure 12 and Figure 13 depict plain and encrypted images of Lena, Peppers, and Baboon, respectively. It is clear that the human visual system (HVS) does not allow for any meaningful information to be discerned from the encrypted images. Figure 11. Le...
The corresponding solution displays a closed curve within the 2D 𝑋 − 𝑋′X − X′ phase space, and the critical point (0,0)(0,0) is called a center (Table 1). Table 1. The classification of various types of solutions for a linear 2D system with real coefficients. We assumed...