Profiling of plasma proteins in individuals with COVID-19 shows that complement activation and myeloid inflammation are major pathways in the pathogenesis of long COVID and identifies distinct profiles of immune dysregulation in individuals with long COV
This review aims to synthesize current findings related to mitochondrial dysfunction in long COVID, exploring its implications for cellular energy deficits, oxidative stress, immune dysregulation, metabolic disturbances, and endothelial dysfunction. Through a comprehensive analysis of the literature, we high...
Several studies have shown low or no SARS-CoV-2 antibody production and other insufficient immune responses in the acute stage of COVID-19 to be predictive of long COVID at 6–7 months, in both hospitalized patients and non-hospitalized patients47,48. These insufficient immune responses include...
Intense efforts are underway to determine the pathophysiology of long COVID (LC), a set of conditions characterized by immune perturbations1. T cells have important roles in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) immunity and pathogenesis2,3,4,5,6, yet relatively little is...
Some of the levels of circulating immune system cell types were increased while others were decreased, however overall, “Circulating immune cell populations significantly changed” (page 8) in long COVID sufferers. Long COVID patients also had lower levels of cortisol than did the cont...
Some of the most pronounced differences between the long COVID group and the two control groups were related to immune and hormonal dysfunction. This was characterized by biomarkers indicating abnormal T cell activity, reactivation of multiple latent viruses (including the Epstein-Barr virus and other...
Autonomic Nervus System (ANS) imbalance can contribute to fuel inflammaging.Biomarkers of ANS imbalance have been associated with Long Covid (LC) onset.Blood biomarkers of ANS imbalance associated to LC (catecholamines, serotonin, and cortisol) could be considered biomarkers of inflammaging.Heart rate...
Experts don’t know why people get long COVID, but here are some of the leading theories: The SARS-CoV-2 virus (which causes COVID-19) becomes active again, causing symptoms to reappear. The immune cells become overactive, releasing high levels of inflammatory substances that can attack org...
Molecular mechanisms underlying the occurrence and progression of long COVID include viral persistence, immune dysregulation, endothelial dysfunction, and neurological involvement, and highlight the need for further research to develop targeted therapies for this condition. While a clearer picture of the ...
Long COVID; functional; functional neurological disorder (FND); comorbidity; classification; motor symptoms; balance symptoms; neurological dysfunction1. Introduction Long COVID, also known as post-COVID-19 syndrome or post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC), is becoming widely recognized...