But before you work on solutions, it’s important to understand what logical thinking is and how it influences decision-making. If you're wondering how to improve logical thinking, you can start by practicing p
We learn from Carroll (1895) to resist writing rules of inference for a theory as single sentences of that theory, so we ascend to the meta-language and write: ‘From P and (P → Q), infer Q’. My point is replacing P → Q with ~ (P&~Q) wont help as it only ...
A common exercise for an introductory logic text to include is symbolizations. These exercises give a student a sentence or paragraph of text in ordinary language which the student has to translate into the symbolic language. This is done by recognizing the ordinary language equivalents of the lo...
(though, of course, we don't always know which). In ordinary language, we convey statements by complete declarative sentences, such as "Alan bears an uncanny resemblance to Jonathan," "Betty enjoys watching John cook," or "Chris and Lloyd are an unbeatable team." But when we're thinking...
Vergnaud (2009) started with two situations considering the symmetrical shape of a given figure such as the one in Fig. 2. By adding two other situations, Vergnaud (2009) clearly illustrated the following four situations (sentences) which are related to both symmetry and transformations (p. Fig...
2. Materials and Methods In this section, we first define the main aspects of logical semantics, then outline predicate high-order logic by providing the first examples of the logical representation of sentences. 2.1. Logical Semantics Let us begin by observing the intrinsic principle of duality ...