2.3.3Lignin and its degradation in HTL process Lignin is a heterogeneous aromaticbiopolymerthat accounts for nearly 30% of theorganic carbonon Earth, and is one of the few renewable sources of aromatic chemicals that exist in agricultural andforestryresidues (Rahimi et al., 2014). Lignin is the...
degradation during classical production methods due to major radical and carbon-carbon cross-linking. Few common linkages found in lignin are shown inFig. 28.15. Exact lignin chemical structure is tough to determine due to the diversity in bonding and presence of monomers. They polymerized in a ...
Includes sections on: evolution of lignin chemistry; definition and distribution of lignin; colour reaction of lignified materials; lignin isolation, determination, physical properties, elementary composition and constituent groups; acylation and acylysis; alkylation; halogenation; nitration; sulfonation; hydrol...
It is also unusual as a plant polymer in that there are no plant enzymes for its degradation. These results have significant implications regarding the traditional definition of lignin, and highlight the need for a better understanding of the lignin precursor biosynthetic pathway. In this review, ...
We strike a balance between these two extremes by adopting a weighted contact definition similar to the native contact definition introduced by Sheinerman and Brooks [97]. Specifically, the number of contacts between heavy atom i in interaction group A and all the heavy atoms in interaction ...
Lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCNFs) are nano-objects produced in aqueous suspension by industrially adaptable methods, with a high yield, low production cos
To gain deeper insight into the involvment of microbes to lignin degradation in marine environ- ments, we previously conducted functional screening of microbes isolated from deep-sea sediments and highly decomposed submerged wood, and identified a number of bacterial strains capable of degrading lignin...
The terms “lignin” and “polyoxometalates” each encompass whole classes of substances and are therefore presented briefly hereinafter. There is also a definition of how the terms “free-radical scavenger” and “chemicals” should be understood in the context of this document. ...
“ligninase”, EC 1.11.1.14) is a hemeprotein, involving in the oxidative cleavage of non-phenolic aromatic lignin moieties and similar compounds. Manganese peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.13) is an enzyme secreted to aid lignin degradation, catalyzing the chemical reaction that oxidizes numerous phenolic ...
Therefore, this review is dedicated to show the applied production methods used and how these methods can deal with different raw materials and control the final product. The focus is on nanomaterials composed largely of lignin and due to a somewhat vague definition of NPs [30], a dimensional ...