15 surfaces and 47 groundwater samples are collected in an area where lies in Al Jabal Al Akhdar region, northeast Libya. Water quality parameters such as temperature (T), pH levels, EC, TDS, TH, TAK, major cations ( Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+ and NH4+) and major anions (Cl-, PO43-...
four meters in diameter, the project extends for four thousand kilometres far deep into the desert. All material is locally engineered and manufactured. Underground water is pumped from 270 wells hundreds of meters deep into reservoirs that feed the network. The cost of one cubic meter of water ...
Longest River: TheWadi al-Shati Riveris the longest river system in Libya, flowing through the southwestern part of the country, although the most important river basin is theGreat Man-Made River, which provides water from underground aquifers. Tripoli is situated on the Mediterranean Sea, provid...
� Even if that is just propaganda, there is no denying at least one very popular achievement of the Libyan government: it broughtwater to the desertby building the largest and most expensive irrigation project in history, the $33 billion GMMR (Great Man-Made River) project. Even more tha...
In the mountains of Tripolitania, some settlements were constructed completely underground on hillsides. These towns of troglodytes maintained security by having only one entrance. Further south, the concern for defense also was a characteristic of architecture. Most oasis communities were walled and ...
Fig. 1.1 Across the vast land: a single twisted acacia tree and certain small shrubs and herbs located within the mountains of the Jabal Bin Ghunaymah, indicating the course of a wadi system where at least some water is available at or near the surface, either as fossil groundwater or ...
(with underground cellars for storage of grains), practicing agriculture, pottery making, hunting and fishing, as they also domesticated cattle, sheep and goats. The Faiyum A Culture gave rise to the Merimde (c. 5000-4000 BCE). Egyptologists agree that these Faiyum cultures grew and flourished...
and 17 wind turbines using the System Advisor Model (SAM) dynamic simulation tool. The simulations employed 15-minute time series of climate data from the SolarGis platform for a 13-year timeframe (January 1, 2007–June 30, 2020). The standard used to determine which technology was best suit...
Libya has experienced progressive seawater intrusion in the coastal aquifers since 1930s because of its ever increasing water demand from underground water resources. Tripoli City and its hinterland are located in the coastal region of the Gefara Plain, where the agricultural activity entirely depends ...
extensive underground water. Numerous oases are watered by wells and springs, and artesian wells tap large deep fossil aquifers in the Fezzan and southeastern Libya; theGreat Man-Made Riverwas one of the more ambitious projects designed to make use of these underground reserves. (Seethemapillustrati...