Levin, Lin, and Chu suggest this procedure to mitigate the impact of cross- sectional dependence. altt requests that xtunitroot use − 1 instead of in the formulas for the mean and variance of the test statistic under the null hypothesis. When the number of time periods, , is small (...
This paper will investigate the Granger causality between R&D cooperation and economic growth in 32 industrial and developing countries from 1970 to 2012. We use an innovative econometric method which is based on a panel test of the Granger non causality hypothesis. Using a new method to evaluate ...