After approximately 50 years of circadian research, especially in selected circadian model systems (Drosophila, Neurospora, Gonyaulax and, more recently, cyanobacteria and mammals), we appreciate the enormous complexity of the circadian programme in organisms and cells, as well as in physiological and ...
We raise a question of whether it is appropriate to simulate human and social systems using simple "ant-like" agents, and argue that in order to simulate emergence and evolution of social order, complexity must reside not only on system level (i.e. simple agents with complex relations), but...
The modeling of fuel cells requires the coupling of fluid transport with electro-chemical reactions. There are two approaches commonly used. Firstly, the electrodes can be treated as two planes, where the potential gradient can be considered as being locally one-dimensional. In this case a two ...
Genetic complexity and interactions with as yet unknown environmental factors have hindered researchers from fully elucidating the aetiology of the disease. In ... Sreeram,V.,Ramagopalan,... - 《Journal of Neuroimmunology》 被引量: 250发表: 2008年 Susceptibility to multiple sclerosis mediated by HL...
To investigate this point, mice with melanoma were treated with a mixture of interferon-gamma-secreting and IL-2-secreting cellular immunogens. The animals survived significantly longer than mice with melanoma treated with either the IL-2 or interferon-gamma-secreting immunogens alone. The complexity...
No miRNA has been reported, thus far, to regulate all three of these AD-associated proteins. miR-298, encoded by the MIR298 gene, is a negative regulator of BACE1 in murine cells [42]. However, potential regulation of miR-298 on human BACE1 protein was not evaluated in that study. We...
Naturally occurring single crystals having a multidomain morphology are a counterintuitive phenonomon: the macroscopic appearance is expected to follow the symmetry of the unit cell. Growing such crystals in the lab is a great challenge, especially from
This novel finding indicates, for the first time, that the l-arginine concentration in vitro may impact negatively on islet cell function, thus indicating further complexity in relationship to in vivo susceptibility of β-cells to nutrient-induced dysfunction. 展开 ...
(Fig.1a–d). Despite their many similarities, the PixONand ON alpha have been shown to correspond to two unique cell types6,17,24,25. Morphological characteristics, such as soma size and arbor complexity, do differ between the two cell types, and ON alpha but not PixONRGCs are SMI-32 ...
Genome-scale studies, coupled with functional analyses, have great potential as a platform to elucidate the complexity of host defense mechanisms and can provide a foundation for breeding programs to enhance crop improvement and protection16. Several such studies in grape have revealed transcriptional ch...