Goldberger E (1942a): The aVL, aVR, and aVF leads; A simplification of standard lead electrocardiography. Am. Heart J. 24: 378-96.E. Goldberger. The aVL, aVR, and aVF leads; A Simplification of Standard Lead Electrocardiography. 1942...
The six limb leads are calledlead I, II, III, aVL, aVR and aVF. The letter “a” stands for “augmented,” as these leads are calculated as a combination of leads I, II and III. The six precordial leads are called leads V1, V2, V3, V4, V5 and V6. What are bipolar leads?
Leads I, II, III, aVF, aVL and aVR are all derived using three electrodes, which are placed on the right arm, the left arm and the left leg. Given the electrode placements, in relation to the heart, these leads primarily detect electrical activity in the frontal plane. Figure 18 shows...
From limb lead signals I and II, the remaining limb lead signals III, aVR, aVL and aVF, may be mathematically derived. In the illustrated embodiment, the derivation of those other limb lead signals is not germane to the present invention and they are not discussed in the remainder of this...
The ECG waves in aVR are generally negative or downward deflections; those in aVL and aVF may be upright or of intermediate position depending on the anatomic and electrical position of the heart (see Fig.2.3). Figure 2.3. Chest Leads (V1, V2, V3, V4, V5, V6) ...