Before defining the time-dependent alignment parameter, let us explore in Fig.3a–d the time-resolved distribution of orbital-angular-momentum projectionsMLfor the givenL. For ions with definiteL, the probabilities\({P}_{{M}_{L}}\)ofML= −L, …, +Lare obtained by summing up probabiliti...
Mean-Square Frequency:This parameter is obtained by squaring the frequency components and calculating their average. It indicates the power distribution across frequencies and helps identify the spread of energy in the frequency-domain: 𝑓𝑚𝑠=∑𝑓𝑖2𝐴𝑖∑𝐴𝑖fms=∑fi2Ai∑Ai ...