IWT is relatively climate-friendly, producing 90 % fewer greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions per ton-mile than trucking and 30 % fewer GHGs than rail (Kruse et al., 2022), positioning IWT as an increasingly attractive mode of freight shipping as governments target climate change goals. The ...
PollutionLarge cities face growing challenges of waste disposal due to the increase in urban population, economic development, and goods consumption, resulting in congestion, noise, and air pollution. The traditional trucking of waste material from collection points to landfills or garbage incinerators ...