Pediatric neurotoxicity Studies conducted in young animals and children suggest repeated or prolonged use of general anesthetic or sedation drugs in children younger than 3 years may have negative effects on their developing brains. Discuss with parents and caregivers the benefits, risks, timing, and ...
The behavioral pharmacological effects of ketamine in animals have been reviewed. Ketamine does not cause remarkable behavioral changes at doses effective for the treatment of depressive behavior in animal models. However, a transient increase in spontaneous motor activity has been reported sometimes. ...
Ketamine was first synthesized by chemists at the Parke Davis pharmaceutical company in Michigan in the United States as an anesthetic. It was tested on a group of prisoners at Jackson Prison in Michigan in 1964 and found to be fast acting withfew side effects. The US Food and Drug Administr...
The acute toxicity of ketamine hydrochloride has been studied in several species. In mature mice and rats, the intraperitoneal LD50 values are approximately 100 times the average human intravenous dose and approximately 20 times the average human intramuscular dose. A slightly higher acute toxicity obse...
Animal research has shown that Phoenix Ketamine can induce NMDA antagonist-induced neuronal cell death in juvenile animals (apoptosis) when administered in high doses, for prolonged periods, or both. In some cases this led to abnormalities in behaviour, learning and memory. The relevance of this ...
chlorpromazine (central depressant and peripheral α-adrenergic blockade), by β-adrenergic blockade, and by ganglionic blockade. The tachycardia and increase in myocardial contractile force seen in intact animals does not appear in isolated hearts (Langendorff) at a concentration of 0.1 mg of ...
Ketamine has been used to provide analgesia in refractory chronic pain conditions and even anesthesia for short surgeries. However, the safety data is mixed regarding its toxicity when administered neuraxial in animals, with some authors suggesting that its neurotoxicity derives from preservatives. Accordi...
There is ongoing research into the drug's usefulness in pain therapy and for the treatment of alcoholism and heroin addiction. In veterinary medicine, ketamine is often used for its anaesthetic and analgesic effects on cats, dogs, rabbits, rats, and other small animals. Veterinarians often ...
When you hear of the words ‘animal tranquilizer’ the first thing that comes to mind likely isn’t ‘I wonder if I would enjoy taking that?’ Generally something that is good for animals and used for veterinary purposes should stay that way. However, in the case of Ketamine, this is ...
Common Side Effects When consumed in small quantities, ketamine produces euphoric effects. Higher doses create hallucinogenic effects. As the dose increases, its dissociative effects become more apparent, eventually reaching the K-Hole. Normal ketamine after effects can last up to 8 hours, with antid...