10 The original data displayed as a dotplot (Figure 4) are difficult to interpret in terms of modality, but show an unexpected large robust standard deviation of 0.96% mass fraction. A plot of the number of mode
The general expression of akernel density estimatoris (1)fˆ(x)=1n∑i=1nKH(x−xi), whereK:R2→[0,∞)is the kernel function (in this case, aprobabilitydensity inR2),H= (hij) is a symmetric, positive-definite 2 × 2 bandwidth matrix, and the scaling notationKH(x) := |H|−...
no matter on the crown or on the adgerminal sides of thefka1-1kernel, was significantly reduced compared to wild type (Fig.3a–cand Supplementary Fig.4a–d).The number of cells infka1-1pericarp was also decreased (Fig.3d). In addition, the morphology...
Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed using GCTA and the results were visualized using scatterplot3d package in R [36]. Population structure analysis was performed using Admixture v1.3.0 software [37]. An unsupervised method was used to assess the population structure. Specifically, Admix...
Genome-wide SNPs were used to assess the extent of LD decay in the MPP. The LD decay tended to stabilize when the strength of LD decreased to half its maximum value. The LD decay plot (Fig.2d) exhibited a rapid decline in LD with increasing physical distance between the loci, indicating...
(1) the local density of conspecific adult trees surrounding our sampled maternal trees, regardless of their reproductive status; and, (2) Euclidian distances between (a) maternal trees and all adult conspecifics in the study plot and (b) reproductive (flowering) conspecific adults in any given ...
To obtainY, it used Excel to plot the regression line (gradient) exclusively for the points on the graph exhibiting linearity (to stay in the elastic zone) [7,28,35]. 4. Results and Discussion The test pieces obtained have been labelled to facilitate their handling during experiments. ...
For the calculation of weighted averages and plotting of probability density plots, the most popular and widely used is the Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) Microsoft Excel-Add-in Isoplot/Ex (Ludwig, 2001). Although Isoplot has proven itself a staple in isotope chemistry and geochronology, ...
Correlation coefficients among agronomic traits surveyed in this study were calculated by software Excel 2013. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the SPSS 19.0 statistical software and Duncan’s multiple range test (DMRT) was used to identify significant (p < 0.05) differences betwee...
Maize was planted at a density of 67,500 plants ha− 1 at spacings of 0.4 m and 0.8 m. Each plot was 10 m long and 4.8 m wide and consisted of 8 rows. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used in each experiment. Before sowing, the plots were finely ...