The following abbreviations are used in this manuscript. O2O Online to offline CLSC Closed-loop supply chain RTI Returnable transport item 3PL Third party logistics Appendix A Appendix A.1. From Figure 2, manufacturer inventory can be written as, 𝑄22(1−𝑟)𝑃𝑚+𝑙1(𝑄−𝑞1)...