Although the L* value was not related to the size of the cloacal gland (Fig. 2a, r = −0.1, P = 0.61), a statistically significant positive correlation was observed between cloacal gland size and the a* (r = 0.38, P = 0.04) and b* values (r = 0.38, ...
Effect sizes were calculated dividing the resulted z value by the squared root of the number of observations considered (r; Tomczak & Tomczak, 2014). A few missing values resulted from technical problems and were excluded from the analyses. We also ran Kruskal-Wallis tests to see if there ...
Yamada and Tohkura (1990) found that while native American English speakers are sensitive to this cue, native Japanese speakers seem to rely on the second formant (F2). We hypothesized that by limiting training stimuli such that the only difference between /r/ and /l/ tokens was the F3 ...
Conceptual figure of our LSTM-based model, showing embedding and NER in separate figures. + means concatenation. The first figure shows the embedding part, where Wx is an xth input word, Lx,i is an ith letter of the word Wx, r denotes right to left (forward) LSTM, l denotes left to...
Let maxRmaxR be the rightmost end of any rectangle. Lemma: there will be a point with exactly x=minRx=minR. Similarly, compute maxLmaxL, maxDmaxD, minUminU (corrected, thanks to Elegia). You got a special rectangle-area and you need to put a point on each of its sides. If k=3k...
In an open-response identification test, Japanese consistently interpreted the French /l/s but not /r/s as a Japanese /r/, applying various transcriptions to French /r/s. This pattern was clearest for Japanese with no exposure at all to French. The identification data were consistent overall...
When Japanese people try to acquire foreign language such as English, learners find it difficult to perceive speech-sounds such as the phonemes /l/ and /r/ that are absent in their native language (e.g., “light”/lάit/ and “right”/rάit/). Recent studies report that a unique...
These distributions include inter-speaker (gender), intra- speaker, and phonetic (vowel environment) variance. These results reveal that F3-onset frequency provides almost complete discrimination between the distributions. Distributions of native-Japanese productions of /l/ and /r/ were also collected....
For pair wise t-testing, three levels of statistical significance were used: p < 0.05 (*), p < 0.01 (**) and p < 0.001 (***) (see Additional file 5). The nlme [51] library available in the R [52] software was used for the statistical analysis. Follow up comparative sequence ...
and parenting self-efficacy to life satisfaction, number of children, and employment status. Survey data were obtained from 116 urban Japanese women with children in the 2nd grade. Mothers with more children expressed greater personal role commitment. Those who had sought employment were less likely...