Scientists haven't seen any indication that there is anything smaller than a quark, but they're still looking. There are six types, or "flavors," of quarks: up, down, strange, charm, bottom and top (in ascending order by mass). In different combinations, they form many varied species ...
Why is there anything left in the Universe to try to understand itself? This has caused physicists alotof consternation. However, as the proverb says, necessity is the mother of invention. Cloud chambers and particle beams are two of the important tools used to learn about the interactions betw...
For atoms with multiple protons and neutrons, there is a correction for binding energy, as discussed in [19]. Binding energy can be treated as mass equivalent because of Einstein’s equation 𝐸=𝑚𝑐2E=mc2. However, even if we ignore binding energy, our calculations have less than 1%...
There is also such a thing asantimatter, which is not the same as dark matter. Antimatter consists of particles that are essentially the same as visible matter particles but with opposite electrical charges. These particles are called antiprotons and positrons (or antielectrons). When antiparticl...
separated into simpler substances by chemical means. An element consists of anatomwith a unique combination ofprotons,neutrons, andelectrons. For example, the element hydrogen has one proton, one neutron, and one electron. We cannot use chemical methods to break hydrogen down into anything simpler....
Hydrogen atoms cannot be broken down into anything smaller while still retaining the properties of hydrogen. If a hydrogen atom were broken down into subatomic particles, it would no longer have the properties of hydrogen. ... All atoms contain protons, electrons, and neutrons (Figure 1). Do ...
Without anything so fancified as a changing cursor, it's up to you to discover what's interactive and what isn't by combing every surface... seriously, there's some sneaky things going on here. To make progress, you may need to be persistent, or even a little rough, but hey, you ...
I submitthere is no such line and that searching for it is a fool’s errand based on anthropomorphism, the belief that we are an example for everything. We may be special or even superior in a few ways, but we are not unique, and consciousness is not a unique attribute of anything....
Since our everyday motion does not approach anything remotely close to the speed of light, the dilation is completely unnoticed by us, but it is there. We'll take a closer look at time dilation in the next section. Time Dilation In order to attempt to prove this theory of time ...
3D printers can be used to create titanium aircraft parts, human bones, complex, nano-scale machines, and more. In the future, it’s fairly safe to assume that we’ll be able to manufacture almost anything with a 3D printer — and everything we can’t make with a printer (clothes, te...