Spatial discrimination practices, like redlining, are discriminatory actions that separate areas by racial lines; these practices are associated with high unemployment and other disparities in communities of color [42]. Although the 1940s practice of redlining is an injustice of the past, the ...
The1968 Fair Housing Actoutlawed redlining. However, in the age of Big Data, employment, insurance, and loan applications are increasingly being evaluated by data mining models that are not as overt but may be even more pernicious than color-coded maps, because they are not limited by geograph...